Suggested 1802 by german naturalist gottfried reinhold treviranus 1776 1837, and introduced as a scientific term that year in french by lamarck etymology dictionary. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the. Taxon names authored list may be incomplete 4 taxon names authored by ludolph christian treviranus. In 1802 gottfried reinhold treviranus announced the birth of a new scientific discipline. The objects of our research will be the different forms and manifestations of life, the conditions and laws under which these phenomena occur, and the causes through which. History of biology wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. Treviranus studied medicine in bremen and became a doctor in 1796. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as. Treviranus 17761837 and the biology of a world in transition.
Treviranus was not alone in forging the outlines of the new science of life. Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution. Vital forces, teleology and organization springerlink. He studied the anatomy and physiology of invertebrates and the structure of the eyes and nervous systems of various animals. Physics for the life sciences i university of michigan.
The foundations of archetype theory in evolutionary. The frontispiece to erasmus darwins evolutionthemed poem the temple of nature shows a goddess pulling back the veil from nature in the person of artemis. In britain, charles darwins early tutor robert grant 17931874 thought his own study of sponges supported lamarcks transmutation hypothesis. However, it was introduced independently four more times through the works of thomas beddoes 1799, karl friedrich burdach 1800, gottfried reinhold treviranus 1802 and jeanbaptiste lamarck 1802.
Gottfried reinhold treviranus politician wikipedia. Gottfried reinhold treviranus, the eminent physiologist, the centenary of whose death occurred on february 16, was born at bremen on february 4, 1776. He called it biology, the science whose aim was to determine the conditions and laws under which the different forms of life exist and their causes. His younger brother, ludolph christian treviranus 17791864, was also a naturalist and botanist, and also a notable taxonomist and zoologist. I argue that romantic naturphilosophie played an important role in the rise of biology in germany during this period and. For treviranus, who divided biological phenomena into those specific to the individual and those pertaining to the preservation of the species, all vital phenomena, to quote raoul mourgues analysis in the journal of. Other german anatomistslorenz oken, johann friedrich meckel 17811833, gottfried reinhold treviranus 17761837, and friedrich tiedemann 17811861endorsed the theory. Despite the complexity of the science, there are certain unifying concepts that consolidate it into a single, coherent field. In the first he was minister for the occupied territories march october 1930 and then minister without portfolio october 1930 october 1931. In the closing chapter, this analysis shows how the three instances of prebiological discourse on living beings theory of generation, physiology and natural history converged to form the consolidated disciplinary matrix of a general biology. In his 1802 disciplinedubbing book, the german naturalist biologie gottfried reinhold treviranus asked, what is life. Treviranus was particularly interested in the basic structural unit of living beingsthe celland in the forces causing structural differentiation, and he therefore studied the various aspects of the relation between structure and function during the ontogeny of plants. This sparked the start of the so called scientific revolution taxonomy systematized the grouping and naming of living things morphology formalized the study of forms and structures of organism into lower forms to higher forms anatomy made possible. The term biology, in the modern sense, was introduced through the works of michael christoph hanow in 1766.
He was one of the first people to suggest that organisms changed in accordance with natural laws. Gottfried reinhold treviranus 20 march 1891, schieder, germany 7 june 1971 florence, italy was a german politician from the conservative peoples party and a reichsminister in both of chancellor heinrich brunings cabinets. Publication date 1802 topics biology, life sciences publisher. Gottfried reinhold treviranus 4 february 1776, bremen 16 february 1837, bremen was a german physician, naturalist, and protoevolutionary biologist. Carl friedrich kielmeyer, heinrich friedrich link, gottfried reinhold treviranus5. Science since the study of biology is so vast and complex specialized branches evolved in 1543. This book offers a comprehensive account of vitalism and the romantic philosophy of nature. Mclaughlin, naming biology, journal of the history of biology, 35 1, pp. This book is available with additional data at biodiversity heritage library. Gottfried reinhold treviranus article about gottfried. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose. World heritage encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the. Mclaughlin, naming biology, journal of the history of biology.
He also maintained that the evolution of organisms was comparable to the development of the individual. Treviranus was not alone in forging the outlines of. Jeanbaptiste lamarck project gutenberg selfpublishing. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In the first he was minister for the occupied territories march october 1930 and then minister without.
A text book on chiropractic physiology davenport, ia. Bonn, germany, 6 may 1864plant anatomy, plant physiology. In his 1802 biologie, german naturalist gottfried reinhold treviranus asked, what is life. The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times.
William bechtel has pointed out that the aim of lenoirs reconstruction was to identify a tradition in nineteenthcentury german biology different both from vitalistic naturphilosophie and reductionist materialism6. Gottfried reinhold treviranus held that the higher classes of animals arose out of lower, extinct organisms through the actions of the environment and vital forces. I argue that romantic naturphilosophie played an important role. Biology is defined today as the division of physical science which deals with organized beings or animals and plants, their morphology, physiology, origin, and distribution 1. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living. Biology what is biology, branches of biology, history. The author explores the rise of biology as a unified science in germany by reconstructing the history of the notion of vital force, starting from the mideighteenth through the early nineteenth century. Ludolph christian treviranus 17791864, german botanist. History of biology a diagram of a fly from robert hookes innovative micrographia, 1665 ernst haeckels tree of life 1879 the termbiologyisderivedfromthe greekword. The book offers an insightful read for all scholars interested in classical german philosophy.
I argue that treviranus work constitutes a compelling synthesis. Reven n johnsons green biology book is the main foundation for sri lnakan al bio since students. Gottfried reinhold treviranus wikipedia, a enciclopedia livre. The foundations of archetype theory in evolutionary biology. Apart from the enormously large number of molecular players, the complexity of interactions, and high dimensionality of biological networks, it is the lack of a celestial biology, the difficulty to find a proper reference system. Gottfried reinhold treviranus, two years later, employed the term to designate those disciplines we retrospectively place under the rubric. Gottfried reinhold treviranus when he first named the study of life biology. Macmillan, 1916, by james edward peabody and arthur ellsworth hunt page images at hathitrust. Allegory and metaphor have often played an important role in the history of biology. Treviranus, gottfried reinhold article about treviranus. Proceedings of the society for experimental biology and medicine malden, ma etc. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life. But lamarcks theory met crushing opposition from the doyen of french naturalists, baron georges cuvier 17691832.
622 1384 72 610 206 1311 375 167 785 1653 136 115 801 424 1098 325 1015 1119 640 798 669 497 1380 1474 968 802 985 732 915 21 1027 546 461 1578 1117 144 1436 433 845 313 1144 859 159 803 915 280 450